时间：2023-03-16 16:35:47
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摘要：毕业论文是学生积数年习得的知识和学术理念的精华体现，但如今其现状不尽如人意。本文从毕业论文的现状入手，通过调查，分析现状成因，进而反思英文写作课教学并提出其定位。
毕业论文和学位论文通常是有一定长度并有文献资料佐证的学术研究论文，专门对科学领域中的某些问题或现象进行探讨研究，具有科学性和创见性。毕业论文的完成是学生在掌握本专业要求的全部知识、理论和技能的基础上进行综合运用，独立地、创造性地解决理论和实际问题的一项活动，是学生从事独立科研工作的起点，也是展示自己专业水平和科研能力的一次机会。更重要的是，毕业论文写作的优劣是决定学生毕业时可否被授予学士学位的重要依据。因此，毕业论文的写作应当受到高度重视。然而，目前的本科毕业论文质量令人担忧，曾有文章比之为“鸡肋”，意为“弃之可惜，食之无味”。就英语专业毕业论文而言，情况则更应引起重视。
一、论文现状根据教学进度的要求，英语专业的学生在第八学期开学伊始就要准备论文开题报告，从而进入实质性的论文写作过程。下面是在各个环节出现的问题。
1.选题草率，研究方向不确定。学生在选题时不够慎重，没有经过严肃的思考，有的同学仅凭一时兴起就定下题目，如《论佛教在中国的发展》。且不说这个题目大小，其内容本身就已超出专业范围，用英文撰写对本科生也实属力所难逮。还有的同学选题为‘OnReading’，研究方向不确定，泛泛而谈，不知侧重在哪里。虽然从表面上看，有些情况属于个案，但事实上，近几年，题目难以确定的现象越来越多，有的已经导师认可的题目，学生在进行下一步工作之前又有较大改变，甚至改变研究方向。
2.资料收集仓促，时而迷失方向。论文中表达的观点和论点一般是以资料研究为基础的，如果仅凭一两本或几篇文章，就想从中得出令人信服的结论是不可能的，即使得出结论，也没有多大说服力，因为资料太少，不足为证。然而，学生收集资料缺乏系统性，觉得不够用了则难以继续，转而换题，资料跟着题目变，仓促之间，迷失方向不知所措。
3.论文撰写问题重重。撰写论文要对收集到的资料进行阅读、做笔记、研究和整理之后，用自己的语言将其串联起来，说明论点、摆出论据、完成论证。如果只是把收集到的资料堆积在一起，东一段、西一段地拼凑下来，不能称其为论文。而大部分学生恰恰是以堆积为主，自己陈述为辅，论点跟着论据走，缺乏一致性，连贯性和逻辑性。另外，从论文整体的文字上看，资料部分用词专业、准确，句子相对复杂，而学生自己的陈述则语法错误频频出现，句子简单并口语化。
二、现状的成因
1.形势与应试的导向。近几年的扩招使学生数量有所上升，而教师的数量不但基本上没有上升，还有不少人投入国内外的进修学习而不能担任课程。由于课程负担过重，使教师不堪重负而有意无意地忽视了写作课实践环节以及批阅后的反馈。全国统一安排的英语专业四、八级考试合格证已成为评定英语专业水平的重要砝码，在社会和校方的大力关注下，学生认识到四级考试决定毕业证，八级考试关系到找工作，写作课教师也希望学生在写作项目考试中得高分。于是，大部分时间都围绕四、八级考试进行。学生熟悉了框架形式、套路，只注意与过级考试相关的写作形式与技巧，不善于观察生活和知识积累，因此也就谈不上运用所学的知识表达思想、分析问题和解决问题了。
2.写作教材的适用性。我国大学英语专业的写作教学一直缺少一套较为完整，由浅及深，循序渐进，适合现实各个阶段教学需要的教材。基础英语写作教材的范例虽多，但语言过于浅显，有些内容较贴近生活，但实用性和趣味性还有待提高；课后练习多为围绕四、八级考试出题，学生“见多了”正式考题，对此类写作练习，缺乏动力，且练习都未附参考答案，使师生课后没有参阅的标准；毕业论文一章，在二年级开始讲授，引不起学生的共鸣，一来是学生忙于考级，论文不是重点，二来时间尚早，缺乏一个过渡期，无法形成理性认识。
3.学生基本功较差又缺乏实践。学生习惯于让老师灌输词汇句型，不愿意动脑筋积极思考，写出来的东西用词不贴切，语法不规范，行文不顺畅，缺乏逻辑性、无条理。众所周知，写作不仅在于语言文字的组织，更多的功夫在于知识积累和文化素质，这方面的提高对于学生更为重要。然而，待学生忙完了四、八级考试转入论文写作的时候，才发现自己没有做好这方面的准备，无论是题目、提纲还是摘要、引言、参考文献，从形式到内容脑子里一片空白。虽说在之前的写作课上，这些内容都讲过，但当时不是学习重点，而且没有亲自实践过程，学生不知所措，无从下手。
三、英文写作课的定位
1.专时专用，突出目标。将四、八级考试及毕业论文写作分阶段进行，形成层次。在基础英语写作阶段，集中实现两个公认的目标：提高英语写作能力和顺利通过四、八级考试。将教材中传统的写作技巧中的精华部分及增加的课外内容边讲授边加入写作实践，从而更加强调写作的动态过程和学习者创造性的发挥。毕业论文指导要作为一门课程开设，专门讲授学术论文的研究方法，这样不仅为学生的四年学业成就提供展示的机会，而且为将来的学习和工作打下良好的基础。
2.注重实际，精讲多练。有效克服教材的不足，从实际出发，为我所用，可适当放弃一些高深的章节，并增加一些循序渐进的内容，保证稳步提高。针对学生存在的诸多问题，在讲授词汇、语法、句法方面多做有益的练习，尽量找生动、学生易犯的大量的中式英语的例子，使学生在谈笑间能将其错误牢记在心。而大量的练习能给学生留下长久的印象。这样既提高了四、八级成绩，又有助于学生写作能力的提高，更重要的是提升了跨文化交际意识。
3.发动学生，互帮互进。由于教师的精力有限，可适时适量地发动学生互评作业，学生自己能够解决的问题自己解决。同学间同级互评能帮助学生增强读者意识，降低写作焦虑，弥补自己写作中的不足。首先，互评可增加其词汇量，正反两方面的评价有益于所有学生作文水平的提高。其次，学生能够通过讨论互评首先成为一个头脑敏锐、丰富的读者、听众，然后成为一个思路清晰、能写出好文章的作者。
这样，教师不再是作为唯一的“读者”去评判学生的作品。全班同学在教师的帮助下，发现问题并能表达出问题的所在。最终学生对评判自己的作品的内容的表达方面也更加敏锐，并能更好地修正自己的作品，学生会很快地从评判活动中看到益处，也会把大家对自己作品的评价作为提高文章水平的重要的参考资料。其实，这不仅解决了日常教学中的问题，而且培养了学生严谨治学的良好习惯。总而言之，对英语专业毕业论文反映出来的问题要认真研究，其中英文写作课的教学任务极为关键，通过调查研究与实践相结合，不断探索，希望能够提高学生的论文本论文由无忧论文由写作能力。
参考文献：
［1］程杰.合理利用文献［J］.广东工业大学学报，2004，06.第四卷增刊：148
论文致谢一：
Itisasignificantandunforgettableexperienceformetospendsuchalongtimeonwriting，modifyingandpolishingthisthesis.Manykind-heartedpeoplegivemeagreatamountofhelp，professionaladviceandencouragement.Thus，hereIwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetothem.
Firstofall，IwillshowmysincerethankstomysupervisorProfessorJiaAiwuwhohasgivenmeinvaluableguidanceandconstantsupportandencouragementthroughoutthewholeprocesses.DuringmystudyofEnglisheducationinthistwoahalfyearsandthewittingofthisthesis，shehasalwaysbeengeneroustooffermeusefulsuggestions，answermyquestionanddiscussresearchquestionswithme.Herdetailguidanceandhelpfulcommentsonmythesisencouragemetoovercomedifficultiesandthinkmorecriticallyduringtheprocessesofwriting.
Secondly，IwillalsoexpressmysinceregratitudetootherprofessorandteacherswhohadgivemeconstructivesuggestiontomythesisandthankstothemforinstructingmetoconstructmyknowledgeinEnglishteachinginthepasttwoandahalfyears.
Thirdly，Iwanttothankallmyaffectionateclassmatesandfriends.Duringthetwoahalfyears'studyandthewritingofthisthesis，theyhavegivenmealotofsupportandencouragementintheirownways.
Atlast，Iwillgivethedeepestgratitudetomyfamilyfortheirregretlesssupportandlovetome.
论文致谢二：
Firstandforemost，Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor，ProfessorJiaAiwu.Ihavebenefitedtremendouslyfromhercriticalthinkingandinsightfulviewpoint.Throughhispatientinstruction，Ifinallyfocusedontheobjectstudiedinthisthesis，andobtainedvaluableadviceonaspectsrangingfromframeworkconstructinganddatacollectiontoelaboratedanalysis.
Secondly，I'mprofuselygratefultomyrespectedpredecessorsandteachers.
Withouttheirprecioussuggestions，Icouldnothavecomethisfarinthisthesis.
Moreover，Iowemythankstomyfamilyandfriends，whohavealwayssupportedmewiththeirgenerousencouragementsandpraises.
Lastbutnotleast，Isincerelythankmyfellowclassmates.Wesharejoysandanxieties，whichpropelsusforwardtogetherthroughoutthearduousjourney.
论文致谢三：
Theaccomplishmentofthisthesishascoveredhalfayear，sexperimentandanotherhalfayear'sanalysis.Itcannotbedeniedthatwholeprocessisquitetough.Despitealltheproblemsduringresearchandlimitations，thethesisfinallycomesintobeing.However，thiscannotbeachievedwithoutthehelpofmanypeople.
Firstandforemost，Iwouldliketogivemysinceregratitudetomydistinguishedandrespectablesupervisor，Prof.QiYuanfang，forhisall-alongsupportsduringnotonlytheresearchprocess，butthewholepost-graduateyear.Heistheonewhogivesmeinspirationofthethesistopic，enlightensmeempiricalmethodhelpsmeconductteachingexperiment，andinstructsmeanalyzingapproaches.Ihavetosaythatthisthesisisbornfromhisinsightfulinstructionsandwarmencouragement.
Secondly，IalsoownmyappreciationtoProf，Gongrongwhogivesmealotofinspiration，insightfuladviceandinstructions.
Andalso，thisthesiscannotbeaccomplishedwithoutteachersofForeignLanguagesSchoolwhoimpartknowledgetomeandclassmateswhooffermehelp.
Lastbutnotleast，Iwouldliketoextendmythankstothestudentsparticipatinginthisresearchfortheirpatientcorporation.
论文致谢四：
IwouldliketodedicatemypapertoallthosewhohaveofferedmetremendousassistanceduringthethreeyearsinZhejiangUniversityofFinanceandEconomics.
Firstofall，myheartiestthanksflowtomysupervisor，ProfessorCaoDaogen，forhishelpfulguidance，valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementbothinmystudyandinmylife.Hisprofoundinsightandaccuratenessaboutmypapertaughtmesomuchthattheyareengravedonmyheart.Heprovidedmewithbeneficialhelpandofferedmepreciouscommentsduringthewholeprocessofmywriting，withoutwhichthepaperwouldnotbewhatitisnow.
Also，Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversitythatgreatlybroadenedmyhorizonandenrichedmyknowledgeinmystudy.Theirinspirationalandconscientiousteachinghaveprovidedmewithafirmbasisforthecomposingofthispaperandwillalwaysbeofgreatvaluetomyfutureacademicresearch.
Mythanksalsogotothescholarswhosemonographsandacademicpapershaveenlightenedmeinthewritingofthispaper.
Finally，Iwouldliketoextendmydeepgratefulnesstomyfamilyandfriends，especiallymythreeroommates，ChenLinghua，GongShaandHuangJin，whoseencouragementandsupporthavemademyaccomplishmentspossible.
论文致谢五：
ThisthesiswouldnotcomeintobeingifIhadnotreceivedhelpfrommysupervisor，teachers，classmates，andfamily.Theyofferedmesomuchencouragement，withoutwhichIcouldhavealreadygivenup.ButbeforeIexpressmysincerestgratitudetothem，IwouldthankmyGod.ItwasalwaysHewhofirstcametohelpmewhenmyfaithwasinfluencedbyBlake'sunorthodoxtheologicalthinking.AgainitwasHewhogavemewisdomandpatiencetodowhateverIdidforhisglory.
“Whateveryourhandfindstodo，doitwithallyourmight.”(NIV，Ecclesiastes9：10)AndhereistheprayerwhenIwasinthevalleyofdespair：“MaythefavoroftheLordourGodrestuponus；establishtheworkofourhandsforus-yes，establishtheworkofourhands.”(Psalm91：17)ItisHisfaithfulnessandunfailinglovethaturgedmetowritethethesiswithallmymight.
MysupervisorXuXiaodongdidoffermesomuchhelpthatIfeelsogratefultohim.Hehaslentmeoverthirtyvaluablemonographs，biographies，anthologies，andcollectionsofessays.Nearlyallofthebookswereboughtfromabroadathisownexpense.Hisferventloveforliterature，hisrelentlesspursuitofknowledge，andhismeticulousattitudetowardsresearchmanifestthepersonalitiesandqualitiesIshouldcultivateasaqualifiedscholar.WheneverIsenthimanarticlehealwaysgavemeprecioussuggestionsthatreallyimprovedmycriticalthinkingalot.FormanytimesIfailedtokeepmypromise，heforgavemeandkeptencouragingmetopursuemystudies.Igivemymostgenuinelygratitudetohimforhisgeneroushelp.
Besidesmysupervisor，Ihavebenefitedfrommanyotherteachers.Prof.ZhangRuwen，Prof.YiJianhong，Prof.JiangYuebin，SunJiurongandWeiLina，theyhavetaughtmemanycriticalapproachesandbroadenedthescopeofmyknowledgeinvariousfieldsofliterature.Moreover，Iwouldliketoextendmygratitudetomyclassmatesandroommates.Theytaughtmehowtobalancestudyandrest.Ialsothankmyfamily，especiallymysister，whocametomyschoolmanytimestovisitme.
Hersupportandcomfortgavememuchstrength.
要
随着居民生活水平的不断提升以及消费意识的不断转变，我国商业银行个人信贷业务也随之呈现出蓬勃发展的势头，其在商业银行业务中的比重不断上升，已经成为了其盈利的主要来源之一。个人信贷业务的市场规模以及发展前景使得众多商业银行纷纷在该领域展开厮杀，不过个人信贷业务在我国还属于一个相对新生的事物，其发展历程很短，商业银行还没有形成一套完整的风险控制体系，结果商业银行在信贷业务领域的快速扩张放大了个人信贷业务的风险，为商业银行个人信贷业务的健康发展蒙上了一层阴影。如何在个人信贷业务的快速发展以及风险控制之间寻找到一个平衡点，确保个人信贷风险控制在一定的范围之内正在不断的考验着商业银行管理者的经营智慧。本文以个人信贷业务风险控制为写作主线，综合运用文献研究、对比研究等方法，在借鉴个人信贷业务风险管理领域最新研究成果的基础之上，提出了我国商业银行个人信贷业务风险控制的有效对策，希望能够给我国个人信贷业务的健康发展带来有益的思考。
本文共分为五个章节，第一章为引言，主要对文章的研究背景与意义、国内外研究文献、研究思路以及结构等三个内容进行阐述。第二章为相关概念以及理论，重点对个人信贷业务的概念、个人信贷业务的特征、作用以及个人信贷风险理论等进行了论述总结。第三章为我国商业银行个人信贷业务发展历程与现状，本章回顾了我国个人信贷业务的发展历程，并对目前个人信贷业务中存在的风险以及风险成因进行了挖掘分析。第四章为商业银行个人信贷风险国际经验的借鉴，这一章对一些发达国家和地区的个人信贷风险的控制进行了系统的数理分析，并从中提炼出来了一些值得我国商业银行借鉴的经验。第五章为个人信贷风险控制的对策讨论，在借鉴相关国家和地区个人信贷风险控制经验的基础之上，提出了从信用环境以及内部管理两个视角的具体策略。文章整个内容遵循了提出问题、分析问题以及解决问题的具体思路，根据这一思路进行相关内容的组织以及安排，力求做到文章结构的逻辑合理，内容完善。
关键词：个人信贷；风险控制；成因；策略
Abstract
With the continuous change of rising living standards and consumption consciousness, personal credit business of commercial banks in China also shows the rapid development momentum, and its proportion in the commercial banking business rising, has become one of the main source of profit. Personal credit business market and development prospect of so many commercial banks in the field of the fighting started, but personal credit business in our country is a relatively new thing, its history is very short, the commercial bank has not formed a set of complete risk control system, the rapid expansion in credit business of commercial banks field amplified the personal credit risk, for the healthy development of the commercial bank personal credit business cast a shadow on the. How to find a balance point between the rapid development of personal credit business and risk control, to ensure that the personal credit risk control in a certain range are constantly testing the commercial bank administrator management wisdom. According to the personal credit business risk control as the main method of writing, the integrated use of literature research, comparison research, based on the latest research results in the field of credit risk management, puts forward effective countermeasures of personal credit business of our country commercial bank risk control, the hope can give the healthy development of China's consumer credit business has the beneficial thinking.
This paper is divided into five chapters, the first chapter is the introduction, three main contents of the research background and significance, the domestic and foreign research literature, research ideas and structure are described in detail. The second chapter is the related concept and theory, focusing on the concept of personal credit business, personal credit business characteristics, functions and the personal credit risk theory are discussed in this paper summary. The third chapter is the development history and present situation of personal credit business of commercial banks in China, this chapter reviews the development process of the personal credit business in China, and the personal credit business of the risks and risk analysis of mining. The fourth chapter is the experience of the international commercial bank personal credit risk control reference, this chapter of some developed countries and areas of the credit risk analysis system of mathematics, and to refine out some worthy of our country commercial bank experience. The fifth chapter to discuss the Countermeasures of personal credit risk control, on the basis of personal credit risk control experience to learn from other countries and regions, the specific strategy of credit environment and internal management of the two perspective. The whole content follows the problem, analysis problem and the specific idea to solve the problem, relevant content according to this train of thought, organization and arrangement, and strive to achieve the logical structure of reasonable, perfect.
2. Current situation and features of company website translation 2
2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2
2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3
2.3 Features of company website translation 4
3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6
3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8
3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8
3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9
3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13
4.1 Functional translation errors 13
4.1.1 Problem of length 13
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15
4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16
4.2.1 Spelling errors 16
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17
4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18
4.3 Cultural translation errors 19
5. Conclusion 20
Acknowledgements 21
References 22
1．Introduction
Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.
And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.
2. Current situation and features of company website translation
In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.
2.1 Current situation of company website translation
Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.
Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.
2.2 Samples of famous foreign website
There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.
Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.
Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.
(heritage.coca-cola.com/)
Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.
The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.
Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)
As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.
2.3 Features of company website translation
First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules. Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.
At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.
3. The Skopos theory and company website translation
A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.
3.1 Introduction of skopos theory
The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.
Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.
It requires that a good translation be:
[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;
[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;
[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;
[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed;
[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;
[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;
.
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory
During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.
3.2.1 Functional translation errors
Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .
Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.
The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.
3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors
Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳头产品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳头产品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].
Example[3]: 三十年纺织品和服装出口经验，质量第一，信誉第一，友情第一，重合同，守信用，始终如一。(ex.cn)
Original version：Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.
Revised version：The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.
Example[4]: 集“中国驰名商标”、“中国名牌”、“国家免检产品”和“国家出口商品免验”等荣誉于一身的特步(中国)有限公司，位于福建省泉州市经济技术开发区。(xtep.com.cn/)
Original version：Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:
Revised version：Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone.
3.2.3 Clutural translation errors
What does the word “culture” mean？As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.
In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.
Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.
Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.
In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.
Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.
As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龙的传人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龙” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龙” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外贸企业为龙头” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.
Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.
Example[5]: 该厂能生产大衣、西装、时装、衬衣、毛衣等不同类型服装用的上千个花色品种的纽扣，产品规格齐全，品种繁多，造型新颖。(lxbutton.com/)
Original version：The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.
Revised version：The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.
It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province
There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.
4.1 Functional translation errors
4.1.1 Problem of length
The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.
Example [6]: 进入新世纪后，娃哈哈已拥有了雄厚的产品自主研发能力和技术创新能力，在雄厚的资金保障下，通过引进国际最先进的生产设备技术，进行消化、吸收、再创新，使公司拥有强大的核心竞争能力。同时，通过自主开发营养快线等系列创新产品，广开销路，实现科学发展，行业龙头地位日益稳固。目前，娃哈哈正在不断扩大投资规模，不断自主创新，向着世界500强企业的目标阔步前进！(划线部分为错误点）(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)
Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.
We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再创新”,“自主研发能力和技术创新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:
Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。
Example [7]: 东方机械位于风景秀丽、物产丰富、经济发达、文化繁荣，素有江南“鱼米、皮革之乡”美称的钱塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)
Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish，Rice and Leather"，with beautiful scenery，rich products，flourishing economy and prosperous culture.
Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”（we can just delete the underlined part)
Example [8]: 2003年初，公司为满足国内市场对专用车的需要，及时调整产品结构并成立的专用车公司，在做稳、做强客车的同时，投巨资实施专用车项目，精心打造有洛阳宇通特色的专用车产品，本着“低端切人、高端占领”的原则，经过精心筹备，四大系列产品即混凝土搅拌车系列、散装水泥车系列、加油车系列、洒水车系列一经投放市场，便以其全新的设计、优美的造型、细腻的工艺赢得了市场的青睐。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)
Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.
Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern
In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.
Example [9]: 引进大量的科技管理人才,成立“真爱集团人才联谊会” 形成“重知识，重人才” 的良好气氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)
Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.
Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.
Example [10]:
(1)医德医风
Medical ethics
(2)全体员工精诚团结，上下一心
All the staffs unite absolute sincerity
(3)上有上策，下有下策，有令不行，有禁不止。
Disobey orders and defy prohibition.
In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“风”. The Chinese“精诚团结”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.
Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“进入饭店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “进入饭店，带来…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.
4.2 Linguistic translation errors
A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).
4.2.1 Spelling errors
Example [11]: 本公司始终坚持以“质量为本，科技创新，优质服务，环保产品”为发展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)
Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Example [12]:“成功电子” 以拥有您的支持而自豪，并有信心通过我们不断的努力使您以使用“成功电子” 产品而骄傲。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation
Example[13]: 公司自创办以来,不断扩大规模,更新产品的种类。欢迎各中外客商前来共创商机! (rx-china.com/)
Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.
Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!
Example [14]: 本公司经营的产品广泛用于通讯设备、家用电器、仪器仪表、数码产品行业、电子玩具以及工业自动化设备等各种领域, 在电子行业有很高的声誉。(zszyss.com/)
Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.
Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation
Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘扬、推广中华优秀传统文化和与之相结合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有关部门指定为外交部国礼系列图书国内外主要发行单位之一。(zylp.com/)
Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .
Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Example [16]: 百果园占地面积20 亩,花园式布局,生产车间4800m²,设有原料、粗加工、成品、包装、冷藏、锅炉等生产车间。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)
Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.
Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.
4.2.4 Illogical arrangement
Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.
Example [17]:(本单位)成立于1988年,是经国家建设部批准,专业从事地基与基础工程施工的壹级企业。(richelevator.com/hz/)
Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.
Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.
Example [18]: 公司非常重视对员工队伍素质的培训工作,专门成立了人力资源部,对员工进行操作技术、专业技能、安全生产、市场意识、产品质量等方面的培训。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.
Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.
4.3 Cultural translation errors
When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.
Example[19]: 公司于2000年顺利通过ISO9001: 2000版国际质量体系认证，形成了一套完整的质量保障体系，2002年11月被中国轻工业质量认证中心授予 “环保陶瓷”称号。(.cn/)
Original version：the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.
In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版国际质量体系认证，“环保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.
5．Conclusion
It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.
In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.
However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.
Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
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[2] 何森梅. 从目的论中看中文企业网站的英译策略 [J].黎明职业大学学报, 2008(1).
[3] 韩孟其. 与目的论相悖的企业网页翻译 [J].中国航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版), 2008(109).
[4] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
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[13] 王娜. 从功能翻译理论看中国企业简介的翻译 [D]. 首都师范大学硕士学位论文 2006.
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[18] 谭载喜. 新编奈达论翻译 [M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.
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诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《外贸公司网站英译研究之目的论视角》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。
论文的集体指导主要在毕业论文着手写作前以讲座的形式进行。集体指导有以下几种方式,即以年级为单位的指导,以班级为单位的指导,以小组（论文答辩分组）为单位的指导和以指导老师为单位的指导等。其中,以年级和班级为单位的指导可由教研室选派科研能力强、指导经验丰富的老师主讲;以小组为单位的指导主要由答辩小组内部安排个别指导老师来完成;以指导老师为单位的指导主要由指导老师本人对所带的学生进行集体指导。在指导内容上,主讲教师可结合自己的经验,就学术论文的性质、功能、写作的意义、选题、材料的收集、论文的写作规范等方面向学生予以解释说明。具体而言,集体指导主要涉及以下几个方面:
（1）认识指导
尽管毕业论文写作是本科教学计划中的一个重要实践环节,但仍有部分学生对其重视不够。许多同学不了解毕业论文写作的性质和意义,认为其可由可无,此外,由于就业压力增大,学生忙于求职,也忽略了论文的写作。所以,教师在指导的过程中,应首先端正学生对毕业论文写作的认识,使其能意识到毕业论文写作的重要性,以积极的态度投入到毕业论文写作中来。
（2）过程指导
毕业论文写作是个系统工程,涉及写前、写中和写后三个阶段。在写前准备中,教师应就材料的收集与整理以及文献检索的方法进行指导;在写中阶段,应就论文写作的谋篇构思、正文的常用结构、引文的规范、参考文献的格式等予以解释说明;在写后阶段应强调论文的修改和润色,使文章更加衔接与连贯,以适应本校的论文写作规范。
（3）写作方法指导
学生毕业论文的选题可谓多种多样,会包括诸如语言学类、文学类、教学法类、翻译类和应用类等选题.在集体指导的过程中,教师应就不同类别毕业论文的写作方法予以简单介绍,使学生对所属类别论文的写作方法有初步认识。
2、个别指导
个别指导主要是指导老师对自己所指导的学生一对一的、有重点的指导。如果说集体指导主要是宏观指导的话,那么个别指导主要是微观方面的指导。教师给予学生的,只能是方向、方法和写作技巧上的指导,而不是有关选题的全部资料、知识和论点⑥。个别指导也可以涉及集体指导的内容,但更应强调对学生论文框架、语言、格式和规范等方面的指导。
（1）选题指导
我们倡导学生自主选题,但并非自由选题,学生选题的过程中离不开教师的指导。选题是否合适决定了最后的论文是否能够写好,因此,要加强学生选题时的主体意识,要求学生选择自己感兴趣而且有能力完成的题目,提倡“小题大做”,老师既要当好参谋,又要尊重学生的选择。
（2）资料选择指导
资料是完成论文的基础。指导教师应对学生搜集资料提供指导和帮助,应根据学生的选题提出搜集材料的具体要求和方法。学生搜集的材料应做到“全”和“新”,应在占有资料的基础上着手论文的写作。只有掌握大量的资料,了解所选题目的研究现状,才能深入分析,提出自己的观点,做到有所创新。
（3）开题指导
开题报告中学生必须提出论文的基本框架,论文的层次和结构是否合理取决于论文的架构是否恰当。在写开题报告前,指导教师必须要求学生广泛、深入地查阅与选题相关的资料。通过查阅资料,学生可以了解学术界对自己所要论证的问题都有哪些观点,已经得出了什么结论,自己从中发现了什么问题,对这些问题有什么看法等等。这样做,一方面可以了解自己选题的背景,避免了重复劳动;另一方面,在占有材料的过程中,也能做到有所发现,为创新提供了可能。指导教师要确认论文结构的合理性、论证方法的可行性、完成论文的可能性,在确定不存在任何问题的情况下,指导老师可以和学生进行讨论,力求达到论文的结构合理,论点突出,论据详实,逻辑性强。
（4）初稿审查
学生在完成初稿后,指导教师要进行审查。在审查之前,教师必须清楚了解与选题相关的已有的研究,以便确认学生是否有抄袭、重复的行为。如有,则要求学生重写,绝不能姑息;若没有,指导老师要认真审查,大到观点是否正确、论据是否充足,小到遣词造句是否准确、行文是否衔接与连贯。还要重点审查文章的规范性,包括格式、引文和参考文献等。英语专业的毕业论文在内容上应该包括封面、原创声明及版权协议、致谢、英文摘要及关键词、中文摘要及关键词、目录、正文和参考文献。论文封面要写明学校、中英文题目、作者、学院、专业、指导老师和完成日期.封面中论文题目中文在前、英文在后,要注意简约精炼,字数控制在20以内。致谢（Acknowledgements）:致谢页放在摘要前,应用英文撰写。主要内容为感谢导师和在论文写作中,对自己有过帮助的人士和单位,以示尊重他人的劳动。摘要（Abstract）:在英语专业毕业论文中,英文摘要在前,中文摘要在后。摘要的语言要精炼;摘要概括了研究的整体状况,主要包含六个结构要素:主题阐述（topicspecification）、背景信息（backgroundinformation）、目的陈述（purposestate-ment）、方法论和语料（methodologyanddata）、研究结果或发现（resultsorfindings）和研究所带来的启示或结论（implicationsorconclusions）⑦。关键词（Keywords）:关键词是为了文献索引便于从论文中选取出用以表示全文主题内容的单词或术语。每篇论文选取3-5个词作为关键词,按词条的外延层次排列（外延大的排在前面）。关键词另立一行排在摘要下面。目录（Contents）:目录按三级标题编写,要求标题层次清晰.目录中的标题要与正文中标题一致。目录中应包括致谢、英文摘要、中文摘要、前言、论文主体、结论、参考文献等。论文正文（Body）:正文是毕业论文的主体和核心部分,—般应包括前言、论文主体及结论等部分。论文正文部分字数在4000-5000字。前言用中文书写,应说明本选题的意义、目的、研究范围及要达到的要求;简述本选题在国内外的发展概况及存在的问题;说明本选题的指导思想;阐述本选题应解决的主要问题。论文主体是毕业论文的主要部分,应该结构合理,层次清楚,重点突出,文字简练、通顺.结论是毕业论文的总结,是整篇论文的归宿。要求精炼、准确地阐述自己的创造性工作或新的见解及其意义和作用,还可进一步提出需要讨论的问题和建议。在正文中,引用别人的观点要注明出处。引用分直接引用和间接引用，直接引用的文字要加引号，引文采取夹注的方式,夹注内容包括引文作者的姓和出版年份以及其它能帮助检索引文出处的信息。这三项内容可以根据行文需要或融入论文的句子中,或另列在括号里。参考文献（References）:参考文献为论文正文引用的文献,是毕业论文不可缺少的组成部分,它反映毕业论文的取材来源、材料的广博程度和材料的可靠程度。它不仅能反映一种治学态度,在一定程度上也表明作者的水平。从参考文献中大致可看出作者研究的范围、重点、方法、知识结构、挖掘的深与浅以及论文的质量。英语专业学生毕业论文中的英文参考文献和中文参考文献应分别归类排列,英文在前,中文在后.英文的参考文献按作者姓名的英文字母顺序排列;中文的按照作者姓名的拼音字母数序排列。在论文写作中,确切表达自己的观点与准确引用别人的话是同等重要的。因此,一定要恪守学术论文的文体与格式规范.Slade⑧认为,文体规范包括词汇、语调、语气、简洁、时态、句型、排比、逻辑、连贯和无偏见的语言等方面;格式规范包括拼写、缩写、斜体、大写规则、标题、数字和符号等。学生在写作的过程中应予以注意和重视。关于引文和参考文献的规范化问题反映了学生的写作态度,也是论文评价的一个重要方面。指导老师在具体的指导过程中,要使学生明确和重视引文出处的标注方式、文献的排序、标点符号、文献标识、大小写、期刊页码表示等。为使学生少走弯路,在论文写作之初就应该加强这方面的教育。教师最好与学生面对面交流,指出需要修改的地方,指导学生对文章进行修改与润色。在初稿审查后,还应对二稿、三稿等进行再检查。科学的指导可以帮助学生排除在论文写作程中的模糊认识、克服焦虑和浮躁的情绪,提高指导工作的效率,避免事倍功半,从而切实可行地一步一步地改进和完成论文。
（5）答辩指导
学生是否能通过答辩,论文的质量将起到决定性的作用。当然,这也与学生的心理素质有很大的关系。心理素质好的学生,临场应变能力和融会贯通能力都会强一些。在论文答辩阶段,教师的指导作用也很重要。在答辩前,指导教师要帮助学生做好答辩前的准备工作。教师可以就论文内涵及外延等提出一些相关问题让学生去思考,必要时可以帮助学生分析。要让学生充分掌握论文的内涵问题,了解论文的外延问题,同时还要注意培养学生的应答能力。论文答辩实质上也是检验和提高学生综合素质的重要环节,指导教师应给予重视。总之,论文写作是个过程,教师的指导也蕴含于写作过程之中,并与论文写作相辅相成。当然,教师的指导只是影响论文质量的其中一个因素。
3、结语
1、找个自己感兴趣的翻译领域，如文学翻译，诗歌，小说之类、公示语翻译、新闻翻译、科技翻译；
2、在这个领域里找一个合适的话题，比如，要写文学翻译的话，可以找一本感兴趣的，有中英文的书籍，对这本书的翻译做一个多译本的比较、对这本书出现的某些词汇和表达法的翻译做一个总结，探究翻译规律，如有人对《红楼梦》里食物、服饰、诗歌等等的英文翻译做一个总结和鉴赏、对不好的译本。反面教材做一个翻译失误的分析；
3、让现实照进梦想，在有了想法之后，分析其可能性，被前人写滥了的，已经有权威研究的，最好不要去挑战，除非从一个新的视角去做研究，不落前人窠臼，参考文献太少的不要写，本科毕业论文不具有太大的权威性，必须得有足够的文献做支撑；
4、所选的题目不能跟本学校历届翻译方向论文的题目、研究内容雷同；
［关键词］应用型本科;毕业论文改革;课程设置;撰写形式
［中图分类号］H193．6［文献标识码］A［文章编号］1672－8610(2016)01－0132－03
本科毕业论文是实现本科培养目标要求的重要教学环节，也是检验学生综合素质与实践能力培养效果的手段，还是评价学校教育质量和办学水平的重要标尺。独立学院作为我国高等学校本科办学模式的新生力量，主要以培养素质高、能力强、会创新、能创业的高级应用型人才为目标。毕业论文反映独立学院内涵建设的水平，关系学校的办学声誉和可持续发展。
一、问题的提出与研究现状
目前，我国高校大部分独立学院都以“应用型”作为人才培养主要目标之一，课程设置方面也在一定程度上做出了与母体学校相区别的设置，但在毕业论文这一环节却多半没有明显的区分度，尤其是文科语言类的专业，依然以撰写学术论文的形式存在。学习过程中侧重实践与应用，但在毕业论文环节又绕回到了重理论与学术研究的状态，此种矛盾不仅困扰了众多的学生，也令许多论文指导老师一筹莫展。学生在撰写毕业论文的过程中困难重重，较常见的问题有:科研经验不足、科研兴趣偏低、选题困难、难以创新等。论文指导老师抱怨较多的方面则是:学生逻辑论证能力差、阅读量太少、科研语言表达能力欠缺、学术论文格式规范度不高、畏难情绪严重、主动性不够等。从师生两方面反映的困难不难看出，诸多问题的存在与课程设置、学习过程中缺乏与撰写学术论文相应的支撑有密切关系。也可以理解为:毕业论文的撰写形式与培养过程中重实践与应用的模式不匹配。为此，相继有学者对独立学院的本科毕业论文改革展开研究。在知网的搜索显示，关于本科毕业论文改革的文章，以“独立学院毕业论文”为关键词的论文有22篇，时间段集中在2008年至2014年，平均每年为3．6篇。而以“独立学院英语专业毕业论文”为关键词的有关论文为3篇，研究角度集中在写作过程调查、问题与对策等方面。有青年学者提出以配音讲解作品替代学术论文的做法。［1］147－150也有学者认为毕业论文要与社会接轨。［2］123甚至还有学者对毕业论文与实习和就业一体化模式进行了探讨，主张毕业论文的选题与学生实习、就业紧密相关外，还提出学生可用外语类职业资格证书、国家级竞赛获奖证书等方式申请免撰写毕业论文。［3］99－102与此相对应的，公立院校针对本科毕业论文改革进行研究的论文则高达上万篇，时间也要久远得多，有专门针对理工科专业的，如《电子信息专业本科毕业论文改革实践》［4］84－87，也有专门针对文科专业的，如《毕业论文改革:高校新闻本科教育改革的切入点》。［5］110－112姑且不论独立学院是20世纪80年代的新生事物，但相关研究论文绝对量较少，是否就意味着独立学院毕业论文改革的重要性偏低，必要性不具备呢?答案是否定的。课题小组以南国商学院英语类本科专业2013届、2014届和2015届连续三届毕业生为研究对象开展的重点校级课题中所采集的有关数据显示:应用型本科学生的毕业论文改革势在必行。
二、项目研究设计
本课题的目的在于结合学校英语类本科专业毕业论文的现实情况，提出改革的方案，进行改革实践，推动独立学院本科毕业论文科学发展。据此，特拟定了如下研究内容:一是审视学校的人才培养模式和培养目标，究其是否与经济社会的发展需求相吻合;二是考察本专业的人才培养方案，看其中的课程设置是否与学生必须具备的知识结构和能力结构相冲突。三是采取试验实践的方法，了解学生对其他形式的毕业设计是否感兴趣，具体做法包括:引导学生在大学期间积极写作，争取在省级及以上刊物公开;鼓励翻译专业的学生从事翻译实践并撰写翻译体会;提倡商务英语专业的学生开展市场调查并撰写调研报告;帮助英语专业的学生从事跨文化比较研究。
三、项目研究过程与研究结果
本课题研究的过程是通过审视学校人才培养方案和培养目标、考察专业人才培养方案和开展为期三年的试验实践的方式进行，最终通过分析试验和调查问卷数据，得出研究的结果。
(一)研究过程
1．审视学校人才培养方案和培养目标。审视学校的人才培养模式和培养目标，究其是否与经济社会的发展需求相吻合。学校以“通基础、精专业、强外语、重实践”为人才培养模式，致力于培养“应用型、复合型、外向型”人才。可见，在培养模式和培养目标方面总体上符合地区经济社会发展对独立学院人才培养的期望。2．考察专业人才培养方案。考察本专业的人才培养方案，看其中的课程设置是否与学生必须具备的知识结构和能力结构相冲突。2013届的英语专业人才培养方案中，在三年级之前阅读和写作课程分别开设了两个学期，之后再无写作课程。也就是课程设置中并无有关学术论文写作的课程，但学生毕业之时要求撰写毕业论文。2014届和2015届的人才培养方案中，阅读和写作课程依然在低年级各开设了两个学期，但在三年级第二学期均开设了文献检索与论文写作课程。这意味着学生刚开始学习如何撰写学术论文就要开始撰写毕业论文了。此外，学校本科毕业论文(设计)工作管理办法中明确规定了论文指导老师的职责和毕业论文的格式等主要内容，可以理解为撰写学术论文是完成毕业论文的唯一形式。显然，专业人才培养方案中的课程设置与毕业检测形式不匹配，与应用型人才的培养目标不一致。3．开展毕业论文改革实践。针对人才培养方案的不足，在毕业论文论文撰写阶段采取试验实践的方法，帮助学生开展不同形式的论文撰写，突出实践性和应用性。一是引导学生在大学期间积极写作，争取在省级及以上刊物公开。凡是在本学科省级(含以上)刊物发表文章、译文的，且文章字数与毕业论文字数相当(约5000字)，无论文章使用的语言是中文还是英文，只要在答辩前出刊，均可直接参与全英文答辩。选择公开的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业设计计划书》，内容要素与毕业论文开题报告书有较大不同，内容有“拟撰写字数”、“论文内容概要”、“拟发表刊物等级”和“进程安排”等方面。计划书通过后，在论文指导老师的引导下，完成论文的撰写与发表，最后经学院学术委员会审定能达到毕业论文要求的，允许参与答辩。二是鼓励翻译专业的学生从事翻译实践并撰写翻译体会。翻译专业的人才培养目标是培养能熟练使用翻译工具，能够胜任不同文体文本的笔译、口译工作的应用型高级专门人才。由此可见，翻译是毕业生必备的技能，鼓励学生从事翻译实践无疑具有很强的职业预备性。翻译资料的方式可以是中译英，也可以是英译中，原始翻译资料的总字数需达到3000字以上。译文被公司采纳的学生，需结合翻译实践撰写2000字左右的全英文论述文章，经论文指导老师审定合格后，可以凭借书面的采纳证明申请参与全英文答辩，答辩时还需提供翻译原件和译稿。选择从事翻译实践的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业设计计划书》，计划书的内容要素有翻译类型选择“英译中/中译英”、翻译字数选择“1500字汉译英+1500字英译汉/3000字汉译英/3000字英译汉”、“拟翻译的内容概要”和“翻译公司的相关信息”(需提供相关证明材料)。三是提倡商务英语专业的学生开展市场调查并撰写调研报告。商务英语专业的人才培养目标是培养能在国际环境中熟练使用英语从事经贸、管理、金融等领域商务工作的应用型高级专门人才。而近年来对毕业生就业开展的跟踪调查表明:有相当一部分毕业生会从事与市场有关的工作。因此本项目提倡学生结合专业实习撰写有关的调研文章或论述文章，且字数、文章质量与毕业论文相当时，经审定能达到毕业论文要求的，视为完成毕业论文，最后参与全英文答辩。在此过程中，选择撰写调研报告的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业论文(设计)开题报告》，与撰写普通学术论文相同，但要求学生通过制定调查问卷，收集下翔实的数据，文中就调查问卷所取得的数据进行统计分析，得出相关结论，且调查问卷需附在正文之后，供答辩小组成员参考。四是帮助英语专业的学生从事跨文化比较研究。根据人才培养方案的要求，英语专业的学生需具有较强的英语语言运用能力和跨文化交际能力，因此，通过适度的问卷调查从事跨文化比较研究也是比较贴近实际、提升学生语言运用能力的手段之一。对三届毕业生的选题进行分析发现，在导师的指导下，大量学生从事跨文化比较研究，类似的选题如:《英汉广告幽默文化对比》《中美灾难文化价值观异同》《中美商务谈判文化风格差异对比》和《中美企业文化差异对比》等。事实上，这些选题被学生认为易于撰写，并且完成得较好。五是告知学生还可用反映本科毕业研究水平的其他形式替代毕业论文的撰写。其他与专业相关的创新设计，字数、质量与毕业论文相当，经审定达到毕业论文要求的形式均可由学生开展。如与在省级(含以上)刊物公开相当的有主持或者参与省级大学生创新项目;与参与翻译实践相当的有参加省级(含以上)口、笔译大赛并获奖;通过国家级职业资格证书考试等等。视具体情况，由学生提出申请，学院学术委员会讨论通过，经审定合格的，均可视为达到毕业论文的水平。
(二)研究结果
1．改革实践数据统计。2013级305名毕业生中，有4人参与了翻译实践，占毕业人数的1．3%。2014届200名毕业生中，共有42人参与毕业论文改革实践。其中7人在公开刊物，占毕业人数的3．5%;35人从事翻译实践，占毕业人数的17．5%。参与毕业论文改革实践的学生总体比例为21%。2015届290名毕业生中，共有66人参与毕业论文改革实践，其中2人在公开刊物上发表文章，占毕业人数的0．6%，51人从事翻译实践，占毕业人数的17．6%，15人进行调查研究，占毕业人数的5%，参与毕业论文改革实践的学生总体比例为23．3%。三年的数据表明，参与毕业论文改革实践的学生绝对人数及比例呈逐年上升趋势。2．问卷调查数据分析。由于2015届为学院迄今为止毕业生人数较多、参与毕业论文改革人数最多的年级，故选择作为本次问卷调查的对象。问卷以不定项选择题和开放式问答题的形式，就“独立学院的大学生有无必要完成毕业论文?”，“毕业论文撰写方面遇到何种问题?”，以及“最希望以何种形式完成毕业论文?”等十项内容进行调查。经过对调查问卷收集的数据进行分析发现:学生普遍承认完成毕业论文是必要的、的确有利于综合素质的培养、也有利于科研能力的提升，并且对于英语表达能力的培养也有明显帮助;但资料贫乏、科研经验不足、语言表达跟不上和难以创新凸显了教学与检测的不对接。绝大部分学生认为现有的毕业论文形式的确需要进行改革，要实现教学内容与毕业检测的全面对接;有学生认为实践能力远比科研能力重要，学校需要对所开的专业课程进行相应改变以对接毕业论文改革。且不论学生看问题有无偏颇，从对人才培养方案的考察来看，学生要求教学内容与毕业检测对接的要求无疑是正确的。3．有待解决的问题。研究中反馈的问题包括三个方面:第一，在省级(含以上)刊物公开的学生均是使用中文撰写，虽然答辩时使用的是英文，但并不能完全说明其使用英文撰写毕业论文的能力也达到了相应的水平。是否要求学生在省级(含以上)刊物发表全英文的文章还有待进一步商榷。第二，根据论文指导老师的反馈，从事翻译实践的同学所翻译的译文初稿水平并不能达到相应要求，都需要指导老师的大力修改方能达到公司期望的水准。虽说在反复修改的过程中，学生的翻译能力也会因此而提高，但指导老师认为译稿的最终水平并非学生真实翻译能力的体现。如果委托公司借此聘用学生担任正式的翻译，日后在无教师指导下的翻译水平能否保证还有待考证。第三，暂时还未对反映本科毕业研究水平的其他形式进行实践研究，也没有学生提出相关置换申请。课题组成员认为，毕业检测的形式应该没有穷尽。从研究的结果中发现，对于以“应用型”作为人才培养主要目标之一的独立学院的英语类专业学生而言，虽然更看重自身实践能力的培养，但恰当的科研对于提高其综合的语言能力和研究能力有着不可或缺的作用。有关教学与检测对接问题的探索，不仅需要在课程设置方面开展研究，也需要在毕业论文的撰写形式方面积极改革，更需要对不同形式的毕业检测进行利弊分析，力争使教学过程与教学检测相一致，理论学习与实践应用相一致，在校学习与求职就业相一致，最终实现毕业论文撰写形式多样化、方式合理化、效果显著化的目标，提高独立学院的本科人才培养质量。
【参考文献】
［1］郭庆，黄运婷．英语专业本科毕业论文改革的研究与实践［J］．太原师范学院学报(社会科学版)，2013(3)．
［2］奚道同，等．民办高校毕业论文(设计)改革方向研究［J］．山西财经大学学报，2013，35(1)．
［3］王淼．独立学院英语专业本科毕业论文、实习、就业一体化模式探索［J］．海外英语，2014(6)．
［4］成强，张奇惠．电子信息专业本科毕业论文改革实践［J］．绍兴文理学院学报，2010，30(7)．
这个肯定是啊。其实我们说说的影评是影视作品评论。或者叫影视作品分析。而重点在评论，分析上。所以就要以议论文的形式才能表述的清晰明确。如果是散文形式，你可以在中间描述方面写的优美一点。但是大体一定要是议论文的形式。有主题论点，分论点，论据。一般是从故事情节，线索，人物，声画等方面分析。例举语文说明文，议论文，散文的常考题型，只要写解题格式，尽可能多有关中考阅读的答题格式和技巧（说明文，议论文，散文）都要高考作文写议论文好还是散文好topik中级作文一般让写记叙文还是议论文还是说明文还是散文啊?高考作文为什么老师都要求写议论文，我从来都不会写．
英语毕业论文的格式 还有提纲的格式
similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, . And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms a．英语毕业论文提纲格式英语毕业论文开题报告提纲怎么写英语毕业论文的提纲，帮忙~急。小学生学习英语兴趣 毕业论文提纲英语毕业论文提纲我是英语专业的 要写毕业论文了 请帮忙提供下论文的格式 比如分几部分什么的
《体育科学》杂志的论文格式是怎么样的？
DB/OL——联机网上的数据库 DB/MT——磁带数据库 M/CD——光盘图书 CP/DK——磁盘软件 J/OL——网上期刊 EB/OL——网上电子公告3)参考文献的格式 参考文献条目列于文末。其格式为： a. 专著、论文集、学位论文、研究报告： [序号]作（编）者. 题名[文献类型标识]. 出版地: 出版者，出版年. 示例：[1]钱仁平.中国小提琴音乐[M].长沙:湖南文艺出版社,2001. b. 期刊文章： [序号]作者. 题名[J]. 刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码. 示例： [2]陈鸿铎.谈马勒《第一交响乐》．和论文一样吗我想知道要投稿林副特产杂志 详细的论文格式要求在工业类杂志上投稿的论文格式（范文）请教，国外（英文）SCI杂志论文投稿流程、格式和注意事项发表在期刊杂志上的论文的格式有一个体育国际论坛 要求投稿论文的格式参照《体育科学》杂志的论文格式 但是我又找不．
一、论文写作目的:
毕业论文是商务英语专业教学计划的最后一个环节，也是对学生2年半学期各门课程学习效果的检查.其主要目的是:
1、培养学生的英语阅读、写作能力及运用商务知识分析问题和解决问题的能力，达到学以致用的目的。
2、检查学生对所学专业理论知识和基本技能的掌握程度，并将论文成绩作为学生能否毕业的主要依据之一。
3、训练学生搜集运用资料的技能，同时培养学生理论联系实际，增强独立思考问题和解决问题的能力。
二、 论文写作要求:
1、以英文/汉语完成论文写作。
2、字数要求不低于3000个单词或字， 统一采用A4(210x297mm)页面复印纸单面打印.其中上边距2.8cm，下面距2.5cm，左边距2.5cm，右边距2.5cm，页眉1.6cm页脚1.5cm装订线0.5cm.字间距为标准，行间距为1.25倍行距.页眉内统一为:用5号宋体
3、论文的内容要与本专业所要求的知识和技能相结合，要求论述者阅读一定量的英文和中文资料，能够对所有的资料进行合理删减、组织和编辑，掌握论文撰写的结构与布局。要求语言流畅，层次清晰，论点明确，论据充分。具有以下特性:
1) 科学性:观点正确，论据充分可靠，结构合理，能反映出学生对本学科知识系统掌握的程度及其某一问题有较深理解很认识
2) 实用性:选题应该具有现实意义和学术价值，应该体现出分析问题解决问题的能力水平
3) 逻辑性:论证应该有力，层次应该分明，逻辑应该严密，结构应该完整合理
4) 技术性:应该具有收集整理运用材料的能力，语言表达应该清晰准确，格式应该规范
4、写作时间安排:
1月14日:学生与导师见面选题和开题
1月15日-3月25日学生写作，提交提纲，初稿，导师修改并将完成情况向系里汇报
3月31号前根据导师的修改意见完成第二稿交导师修改
4月7号前完成定稿并按照要求打印装订成册.打印3份，交系里2份
4月8号-4月13号准备答辩，原则上采用英语答辩
2007年4月14号论文答辩，原则上采用英语答辩
5:论文成绩评定:采用5级记分制，及优秀，良好，中等，及格和不及格五等.其中优秀没，良好等次的人数分别按不高于15%，20%的比例评定.终结成绩必须经指导老师学院毕业论文指导小组认定.
6:特别说明:
毕业论文写作是严肃的事情.严禁抄袭剽窃他人论文.一经发现此次论文成绩判为0分.
三、 论文选题方向:
1、商务英语教学改革的方向，途径，课程设置等
2、商务英语教学在新形势下的影响和意义;
3、我国贸易的现状及其发展方向
4、商务英文翻译技巧;
5、江西招商引资探讨及其对策
6.WTO保护期过后对我国的影响;
四、 论文设计与拟定的程序:1、指导教师的帮助下，根据本指导书提供的选题范围，从中选择论文方向，确定题目。(注:选择其他的题目，需与指导教师商议确定)
2、 搜寻与本人论文题目相关的资料，文献，形成论文大纲，注意论文结构安排的合理性。
3、 论文结构:包括题目，中英文摘要和关键词，目录和正文. 详见后面附件
附件1:
外语系英语专业(高职)毕业论文选题(商英专业)
1. 《商务英语课程设置的探讨》
2. 《跨文化因素对英汉翻译的影响》
3. 《商务英语的特点及翻译技巧》
4. 《商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用》
5. 《单证员在国际贸易中的地位》
6. 《商务英语函电翻译技巧》
7. 《商务谈判中英语的重要性》
8. 《浅谈出口结汇风险的防范》
9. 《中国退税制度的改革及其影响》
10. 《商标名称的翻译与策略》
11. 《外贸企业信用风险管理与控制》
12. 《2007年外资银行在我国本土注册探讨》
13. 《我国利用国际贷款/国际援助现状分析》
14. 《WTO与我国反倾销探讨》
15. 《我国对外直接投资之现状》
16. 《内陆地区对外贸易发展策略研究》
17. 《中印两国两国对外贸易战略分析》
18. 《人民币升值对我国出口贸易的影响》
19. 《浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法》
20. 《商务函电翻译的用词技巧》
21. 《外商直接在华投资探讨》
22. 《社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响》
23. 《我国外贸出口品牌战略的实施与研究》
24. 《商务英语专业口语课程教学探讨》
25. 《入世对我国农产品贸易的影响与对策研究》
26. 《应对经济全球化，加快我国企业跨国经营》
27. 《英语写作中常见中式英语分析》
28. 《入世商务英语写作的研究》
29. 《制单工作在国际结算中的地位》
30. 《关税壁垒与非关税壁垒探讨》
31. 《浅谈实质利益谈判法》
32. 《国际电子商务发展面临的新问题》
33. 《商务英语写作中的错误与商务英语写作教学之间的关系》
34. 《清算所在期货市场上的地位》
35. 《跨国公司在华扩张模式透析》
36. 《汉译英中遇到新词语的译法问题》
37. 英汉互译中词义的不对应(文化意义、风格意义、修辞意义等)
38. 我国市场经济国家地位与反倾销
39. 如何防范信用证诈骗
40. 我国中小企业开拓国际市场之探讨
41. "10+1"自由贸易区未来前景展望
42. 汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧
43. 商务英语的特征与翻译
44. 珠江三角洲外贸现状及存在的问题
45. 南昌现利用外资纵谈
46. 广州/深圳等地区三资企业结构分析
47. 浅谈广州等地区外贸企业的困境与出路
48. 浅谈广州等地区出口产品结构的市场分布
49. 商务英语专业毕业生就业岗位之探讨
50. 单证员跟单员等资格证书现状思考
51. 礼仪在商务谈判中的作用
52. 跨国公司的本土化经营战略及其实施
53. 中国在亚洲区域合作中的地位和作用
54. 延长我国加工贸易国内价值链问题探析
55. 中国贸易的现状和前景
56. 我国西部地区引进外资问题研究
57. 人民币业务对外开放之探讨
58. 浅谈涉外合同英语特色
59. 海外投资与出口贸易的相互关系
60. 文化和地理因素对外商在中国直接投资的影响
61. 绿色壁垒对关税壁垒的替代效应研究
62. 新贸易保护主义的政策调整与我国贸易发展
63. 贸易磨檫及其解决机制研究
64. UCP600-信用证领域的新规则探讨
65. 论的适用范围及总则
66. 浅谈下卖方的知识产权担保义务
67. 我国纺织业出口竞争秩序现状分析与对策探讨
68. 浅谈来料加工与进料加工的利弊
69. 经纪佣金商或场内经纪人在期货交易中的地位
70. 浅谈商检证书在国际贸易中的作用
附件2 开题报告格式
商务学院
高职毕业设计(论文)开题报告
题目名称: 中国家庭企业管理创新研究
题目性质:
研究论文
学生姓名:
XXX
专
业:
工商管理
学
院:
XXXX
年
级:
04级
指导教师:
XXX
一、
选题背景
随着我国经济的高速发展，以家族企业为主的民营企业也得到了快速发展和壮大，在国民经济中发挥了越来越重要的作用。但是，与此同时，我国的家族企业也暴露出越来越多的问题，如家长式的管理方法、企业基础管理制度不健全和后续发展无力等诸多问题。这些问题不仅制约着我国家族企业的发展壮大，而且严重影响到我国经济的健康快速的发展，因此，研究我国现阶段家族企业如何进行管理创新，以最大限度地调动家族企业员工的积极性，从而实现家族企业生产要素优化配置，促进家族企业持续发展已显得尤为紧迫。
二、研究的基本内容，拟解决的主要问题、研究步骤、方法
本文从我国家族企业的实际情况出发，以管理创新的理论为指导，对我国家族企业如何进行行之有效的管理创新进行深入地研究。首先评述了国内外学者对家族企业管管理创新含义的不同看法，提出了家族企业管理创新的含义、构成要素及内在机理，认为我国家族企业进行管理创新的有效性在于有利于更好地实现家族企业的经营目标，有利于充公调动企业员工尤其非家族成员的积极性和创造性。
其次，分析了我国现阶段家族企业管理创新的现状及存在的问题，指出了我国家族企业管理模式存在诸多不足，如在管理创新过程中仍然存在家长式决策、缺乏战略管理和基础薄弱等诸多问题，所有这些在客观上要求创建一种新的管理模式以促进家族企业健康快速发展。
再次，要创建一种适合我国家族企业实情的管理模式，就必须全面准确地把握好我国家族企业所面临的外部环境。因此，本文指出了我国家族企业开展管理创新面临着外部环境的特殊性和复杂性。
三、研究工作进度
1、教师报题(2006.11.1----11.15)
2、网上公布毕业设计题目和指导教师(2006.11.20)
3、学生选题(2006.11.20---12. 15)
4、落实任务(学生与导师见面，交电子邮箱地址)(2006.12. 1---12. 25)
5、学生上交开题报告(纸字稿)(2006.12.25----2007.1.15)
6、中期论文检查(交电子稿) (2007.4月1日前)
7、论文上交(纸字稿附电子稿)(2007.4.15----2007.5.1)
8、07届毕业设计答辩(评定学生成绩)(2007.6月初)
9、07届优秀论文评定(2007.6.15)
10、07届优秀论文汇报会(2007.6下旬)
四、主要参考文献
[1]顾文静，温州民营企业实行委托---制的障碍分析，经济管理。2002.2
[2]甘德安，中国家族企业研究，中国社会科学出版社，2002年版
[3]苒明杰，管理创新，上海译文出版社，1997年版
